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Diabetes is a life-long disease for which there is not yet a cure. There are several forms of diabetes: insulin-dependent diabetes (Type I); noninsulin-dependent diabetes (Type II); and gestational diabetes. For all types, the metabolism of carbohydrates (sugars), proteins, and fats are altered.

In Type I diabetes, the beta cells of the pancreas produce little or no insulin. Insulin is a hormone that allows the sugar glucose to enter body cells. Once glucose enters a cell, it is used as fuel.

With inadequate insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. The body is unable to use glucose for energy despite high levels in the bloodstream. This causes symptoms such as excessive thirst, urination, and hunger. Within 5 to 10 years after diagnosis, the insulin producing cells of the pancreas are completely destroyed, and no more insulin is produced.

Type I diabetes can occur at any age, but usually occurs before 30 years of age. Symptoms are usually more severe and occur rapidly with this type of diabetes. People with this condition require insulin to live.

The exact cause of Type I diabetes is not known; however, a family history of diabetes, viruses that injure the pancreas, and destruction of insulin-making cells by the body's immune system may play a causative role. Risk factors for Type I diabetes include immune system diseases, viral infections, and a family history of diabetes.

Insulin-dependent diabetes accounts for 3% of all new cases of diabetes each year. There is 1 new case per 7,000 children per year. The number of new cases decreases after age 20.

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