• When fluid (ascites) accumulates in the peritoneal cavity because of chronic liver disease, which keeps the fluid from being reabsorbed.
• In renal failure patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. In these patients, the cause of spontaneous peritonitis is infection in the blood that spreads to the peritoneal fluid, usually from a contaminated peritoneal dialysis catheter.

Risk factors for liver disease include alcoholic cirrhosis and other diseases that lead to cirrhosis, such as viral hepatitis. Patients with renal failure can develop nephrotic syndrome, which leads to ascites, which can then become infected. Other risk factors include abdominal infections such as peptic ulcer disease, appendicitis, or diverticulitis cause peritonitis. Spontaneous peritonitis is rare in children.

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