There are three sub-categories of attention deficit disorder:

• attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: combined type
• attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: predominantly inattentive
• attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: predominantly hyperactive or impulsive

Despite much progress in the diagnosis and treatment of ADD, this disorder remains highly controversial. The diverse and conflicting opinions about ADD have resulted in confusion for families and caregivers alike.

While the cause of attention deficit disorder is unknown, scientists have determined that there is a neurobiological basis for the disease. There may be a familial component involved (genetic) in some, but not all cases.

This may be seen with an increased incidence of ADD in children with a first degree relative with ADHD, conduct disorders, antisocial personality, substance abuse, and others. Genes are being identified that are thought to be involved in ADD.

The apparent incidence of ADD has been increasing over the last 15 years, possibly related to better diagnosis, changing expectations, or problems with supportive social structures. The disorder is 3 to 10 times more common in males than females.

Typically affected children, whether intellectually handicapped or not, perform poorly in school because of the inability to attend to tasks at hand or to sit still during the school day. The diagnosis is generally not considered until school age, although there may be earlier indicators of pending problems.

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