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Increased calcium intake for limited periods does not normally cause toxic effects. The urine and the feces easily eliminate any excess calcium. However, an increased risk of kidney stones in persons susceptible to them has been associated with chronically high calcium intake.

Low intakes of calcium for prolonged periods of time can lead to calcium deficiency. This condition leads to osteoporosis, loss of the jaw bone (and secondary oral health problems), hypertension, and other disorders.

Persons with lactose intolerance have trouble digesting lactose, the sugar in milk. Lactose intolerance is due to an inability to produce lactase, the enzyme that digests milk sugar. The wall of the gastrointestinal tract normally produces this enzyme. In some people, due to diseases of the gastrointestinal tract or to hereditary factors, this enzyme cannot be produced by the body. Fortunately, lactase can be synthetically produced and bought in various over-the-counter formulations, and taken orally with milk to aid in its digestion. You can also buy "lactose-free" milk at most grocery stores.

In rare instances, some people have a true allergy to the protein in milk. This condition requires restriction of all dairy products. These individuals may have trouble obtaining enough calcium in their diet and may need to take calcium supplements.